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Resource Documents: Environment (259 items)

RSSEnvironment

Unless indicated otherwise, documents presented here are not the product of nor are they necessarily endorsed by National Wind Watch. These resource documents are shared here to assist anyone wishing to research the issue of industrial wind power and the impacts of its development. The information should be evaluated by each reader to come to their own conclusions about the many areas of debate. • The copyrights reside with the sources indicated. As part of its noncommercial effort to present the environmental, social, scientific, and economic issues of large-scale wind power development to a global audience seeking such information, National Wind Watch endeavors to observe “fair use” as provided for in section 107 of U.S. Copyright Law and similar “fair dealing” provisions of the copyright laws of other nations.


Date added:  March 23, 2023
Environment, Europe, U.K.Print storyE-mail story

The extent of windfarm infrastructures on recognised European blanket bogs

Author:  Chico, Guaduneth; et al.

Abstract. Peatland environments are the Earth’s largest terrestrial carbon store and have the potential to act as carbon sinks. However, the development of windfarms on peatlands is affecting their morphology, hydrology, ground-level climate conditions, carbon functions and vegetation, and long-term consequences still need to be assessed. Blanket bogs are a rare type of ombrotrophic peatland that are typical of oceanic areas with high precipitation and low temperatures. Their distribution has been mapped across Europe, where they are mainly located on hill summits where wind energy potential is higher, making them attractive sites for windfarm developments. The promotion of renewable energy is currently a priority given the environmental and economic drive to increase low-carbon energy production. Establishing windfarms on peatland in pursuit of greener energy, therefore, risks compromising and undermining the green-energy transition. Despite this, the extent of windfarm infrastructures on blanket bogs have not yet been reported at the European scale. This research reports the extent of windfarm infrastructures on recognised blanket bogs, with a geographical focus on Europe, where blanket bogs have been mapped systematically. Under the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), there are 36 European regions NUTS level 2 with recognised blanket bogs. Of these, 12 have windfarm developments, including 644 wind turbines, 253.4 km of vehicular access tracks and an affected area of 207.6 ha, mainly in Ireland and Scotland where the extent of blanket bogs is also higher. However, despite Spain having under 0.2% of Europe’s recognised blanket bogs area, this was the most affected country. In Scotland, a comparison of the recognised blanket bogs under the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) with blanket bogs recorded in national inventories indicates that the extent of windfarm developments was higher, with 1,063 wind turbines and 634.5 km of vehicular access tracks. Our results highlight the extent of windfarm developments on blanket bog habitat, both in areas where peatlands are broadly distributed across the landscape, and also in areas where this recognised habitat is particularly rare. There is a pressing need to assess the long-term impacts of windfarms on peatlands to ensure that efforts to meet energy targets result only in carbon sequestration, and do not jeopardise ecosystem services. Blanket bogs represent a particularly vulnerable habitat, the study of which should be prioritised updating national and international inventories to protect and restore this habitat.

Guaduneth Chico, T. Clewer, N.G. Midgley, P. Gallego‑Anex, E. Whayman, S. Goeckeritz, School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, UK
P. Ramil‑Rego, J. Ferreiro, Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria E Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Terra, Lugo, Spain
T. Stanton, Department of Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, UK

Scientific Reports volume 13, Article number: 3919 (2023)

Download original document: “The extent of windfarm infrastructures on recognised European blanket bogs

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Date added:  March 3, 2023
Environment, MarylandPrint storyE-mail story

Chemical Products Used and Stored

Author:  US Wind

The below table provides a preliminary list of chemical products to be used on the Project (if stored volume exceeds United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Reportable Quantities); the volume stored on location; their treatment, discharge, or disposal method and location; and any other necessary permit(s) pertaining to these chemical products. It is not anticipated that any additional permits will be required. The list below is preliminary and will be updated in the Facility Design Report and Facility Installation Report.*

Chemical Product Used Use Volume Stored on Location or Contained in Equipment Treatment, discharge, or disposal method and location Manner of delivery to site Quantity per Transfer and Number of Transfers
Synthetic Ester OSS Transformer Cooling Oil 159,482 liters (42,131 gallons) per OSS Removed from transformer to service vessel during routine maintenance
Material brought to port for disposal
Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
Every 2 years, based on conditions, if needed
Motor Oil OSS Emergency Generator 44 liters (12 gallons) per OTM Removed from engineand brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
Annually, based on conditions, if needed
Hydraulic oil OSS Heavy Lift Crane 1,267 liters (335 gallons) per OSS Removed from hydraulic system and brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
Annually, based on conditions, if needed
Diesel Oil OSS Emergency Generator 160,856 liters (42,494 gallons) per OSS Removed from fuel storage tank brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
As required
Water/glycol OSS Emergency Generator 114 liters (30 gallons) per OSS Removed from OSS components brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
Every 2 years
Grease WTG bearings and auxiliary equipment 355 liters (94 gallons) per WTG Removed from WTG components brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
Every 2 years
Synthetic Ester WTG Transformer Cooling Fluid 4,500 liters (1,189 gallons) per WTG Removed from transformer to service vessel during routine maintenance
Material brought to port for disposal
Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
Every 2 years, based on conditions, if needed
Compressor oil Rotor locking and rotor brake 83 liters (22 gallons) per WTG Removed from WTG components brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
Every 4 years, based on conditions, if needed
Lubricating oil WTG Pitch and yaw gear and damper mass system lubricants 323 liters (85 gallons) per WTG Removed from WTG components brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
Every 4 years
Water Propylene Glycol mix WTG Coolant 1,300 liters (343
gallons) per WTG
Removed from cooling system and brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
Every 2 years
Fire suppressant (foam) WTG 75 liters (20 gallons) per WTG Collected and brought to port for appropriate disposal as necessary Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
As needed
Fire suppressant IG541 inert gas bottles WTG 9 × 5.91 kg Removed from WTG components brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
As needed
Ion exchange resin WTG 27.5 liters (7.3 gallons) per WTG Removed from WTG components brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
As needed
SF₆ gas WTG and OSS Switchgear n/a Removed from WTG and OSS components and brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation As needed
Portable fire extinguishers Foam and CO₂ extinguishers 9 L Foam and 6 kg CO₂ per extinguisher Removed from WTG and OSS components and brought to port for disposal Transferred via installation or service vessel at time of installation
Transferred via service vessels during O&M phase
As needed

*OSS = offshore substation; WTG = wind turbine generator

Submitted to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
26 February 2022

US Wind Construction and Operations Plan. Volume 1, Appendix H: Chemical Products Used and Stored

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Date added:  March 3, 2023
Environment, North CarolinaPrint storyE-mail story

Oils, Fuels, and Greases

Author:  Kitty Hawk Wind

Table 3.2-12 Preliminary Summary of Oils, Fuels, and Greases for Construction and Operations*

Chemical Type Description Use/Location Approx. Volume Frequency of Transfer Treatment or Disposal
Transformer oil (WTG and ESP) Bio-degradable oil or highly refined mineral oil Main 220/66 or 220/132 kV Transformers, 220 kV shunt reactors, 66 or 132 kV aux. transformers & 66 or 132 kV grounding reactor 6,000 L per WTG
466,400 L on ESP
Not anticipated; only changed if needed To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Lubrication oil (ESP) Lubricant oil Crane
Emergency generator
Crane: To be defined during detailed design
Emergency generator: 55 L
Expected every 5-8 years To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
General oil (WTG and ESP) Different kinds of oil WTGs: Hydraulics, gear box, yaw gears, transformers, etc. Might also be used for passive damper located in tower
ESP: Hydraulic oil for crane
8,000 L per WTG
3,000 L to be replaced as part of scheduled maintenance
1,320 L on ESP
Expected every 5-8 years To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Grease (WTG) Refill of grease for main bearing, yaw bearing, blade bearing Bearings including yaw bearing and blade bearing 40 L per WTG Expected every year To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Diesel fuel (WTG and ESP) Fuel for the emergency diesel generator (if any) Diesel storage tank 3,000 L per WTG
21,560 L on ESP
Only as required To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Fire extinguishing agents (WTG and ESP) Inert gas extinguishing system (e.g., NOVEC, nitrogen, or similar) Various rooms To be defined during detailed design Not anticipated; only changed if needed To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Fire extinguishing agents (WTG and ESP) Manual extinguishers: powder, carbon dioxide (CO₂), foam Various locations WTG: To be defined during detailed design
11,000 L foam on ESP
Depends on fabrication To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Fire extinguishing agents (WTG and ESP) Other types (if any) Various locations To be defined during detailed design Not anticipated; only changed if needed To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Dielectric gas (electrical insulating gas) (WTG and ESP) Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) WTG: GIS switch gears
ESP: GIS switch gears
Onshore substation
Approx. 18 kilograms per WTG
2,320 kilograms on ESP
Not replaced To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Paint & coating (WTG and ESP) Corrosion protection of steel structure paints & varnishes Steel structure, various locations To be defined during detailed design Only for repairs To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Coolants or refrigerants (WTG and ESP) Water, glycol, other refrigerants Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning unit, Air Handling Unit 1,600 L per WTG
Approx. 700 L to be replaced as part of scheduled maintenance
176 L on ESPs
Expected every 5-8 years To be brought to designated O&M port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines
Grout (WTG and ESP) Grout Grout for connection between monopile and transition piece Up to 40,000 L per WTG and ESP position Not anticipated; only changed if needed To be brought back to port and disposed according to regulations and guidelines

*ESP = electrical service platform; WTG = wind turbine generator

Submitted to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
September 30, 2022

Download original document: “Kitty Hawk Wind: Construction and Operations Plan. Chapter 3: Description of Proposed Activity

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Date added:  March 3, 2023
Environment, MassachusettsPrint storyE-mail story

Oils, Fuels, Gases and Lubricants

Author:  Sunrise Wind

Table 3.3.1-2. Summary of Maximum Potential Volumes, Oils, Fuels, Gas and Lubricants for the Onshore Converter Station

Onshore Converter Station Equipment/System Oil/Fuel/Gas Type Total Oil/Fuel/Gas Volume
(2) High-Voltage Shunt Reactor (fixed) Mineral Oil Dielectric Fluid 26,640 gallons (gal) (100,844 liters [L])
(2) High-Voltage Shunt Reactor (variable) Mineral Oil Dielectric Fluid 37,000 gal (140,060 L)
(4) 345/275-kV Grid Transformers Mineral Oil Dielectric Fluid 37,693 gal (107,014 L)
Gas-Insulated Switchgear Bay Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF₆) 3,500 lbs

Table 3.3.6-2. Summary of Maximum Potential Volumes Oils, Fuels, Gases and Lubricants for Offshore Converter Station

Equipment Oil/Fuel/Gas Type Oil/Fuel/Gas Volume
Transformers and Reactors Transformer Oil 105,700 gal (400,000 L)
Generator fuel tank Diesel Fuel 24,304 gal (92,000 L)
Medium and High-Voltage Gas-Insulated Switchgears Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF₆) 3,960 lbs (1,796 kg)
Crane Hydraulic Oil 528 gal (2,000 L)

Crane* Grease TBD
Rotating Equipment* Lube Oil TBD
Auxiliary Diesel Generator Lube Oil 53 gal (200 L)
Seawater Lift Pumps Lube Oil 119 gal (450 L)
Auxiliary Inert Gas System High-Pressure Nitrogen 52,834 gal (200,000 L), at 300 bar
Auxiliary Diesel Generator Fire Suppression System* Inert Gas TBD
Auxiliary Transformers Synthetic Ester Oil 3,170 gal (12,000 L)
Chiller units Refrigerant HFO1234ze(E) 40 gal (150 L)
Compressed Air Foam System* Foam Concentrate TBD
Uninterruptible Power Supply Battery* Battery Acid TBD
Cooling Medium System Glycol/Water Mix 7,925 gal (30,000 L)
Chilled Water Medium System Glycol/Water Mix 5,283 gal (20,000 L)
*The volumes listed as “TBD” are pending further engineering and will be provided when the design is further progressed.

Table 3.3.8-2. Summary of Maximum Potential Volumes Oils, Fuels, Gases and Lubricants per wind turbine generator

System/Component Oil/Fuel/Gas Type Oil/Fuel/Gas Volume
WTG Bearings and Yaw Pinions Grease* 132 gal (500 L)
Hydraulic Pumping Unit, Hydraulic Pitch Actuators, Hydraulic Pitch Accumulators Hydraulic Oil 159 gal (600 L)
Yaw Drives Gearbox Gear Oil 79 gal (300 L)
Blades and Generator Accumulators Nitrogen 104 cubic yd (80 m³)
High-Voltage Transformer Transformer Silicon/Ester Oil 1,850 gal (7,000 L)
Emergency Generator† Diesel Fuel 793 gal (3,000 L)
Tower Damper and Cooling System Glycol/Coolants 3,434 gal (13,000 L)

*Approximately 26 gal to 40 gal (100 L to 150 L) per large bearing.
†Emergency generator is not housed on the WTG but would be brought to the WTG during commissioning or in an emergency power outage.

Submitted to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
August 19, 2022

Download original document: “Sunrise Wind Farm Project: Construction and Operations Plan

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