This comparison of actual regional grid carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions between 2019 and 2021 shows increased use of wind and solar did not reduce emissions. Wind and solar electric generation are actually poor technologies no one would use without permanent government mandates and massive subsidies and taxes that are adding $1 billion a year in power cost. They are also unreliable, non-recyclable, have negative environmental impacts [1], have shorter productive life spans than alternative power sources, and take up a lot of ground. If it doesn’t reduce carbon dioxide emissions why are we using wind and solar?
The PJM regional electric grid serves over 65 million people in thirteen states. It is the largest such regional grid providing 22% of the countries electric power. Table 1 below shows how generation from various technologies changed from 2019 to 2021, Key changes are:
Table 1: PJM electric generation by technology 2019 to 2021 | ||||
Fuel | 2019 | 2021 | Change MWh | Change % |
Coal | 195,288,353 | 181,354,222 | −13,934,131 | −7.1% |
Oil | 833,249 | 1,469,140 | 635,891 | 76.3% |
Natural Gas | 299,925,492 | 313,750,191 | 13,824,699 | 4.6% |
Other Gas | 2,941,982 | 2,882,541 | −59,441 | −2.0% |
SubTotal | 498,989,076 | 499,456,094 | 467,018 | 0.1% |
Hydro | 11,047,831 | 10,509,639 | −538,192 | −4.9% |
Nuclear | 278,794,565 | 272,524,267 | −6,270,298 | −2.2% |
Bio/Wood/Landfill | 5,574,896 | 5,650,284 | 75,388 | 1.4% |
Solar | 2,734,753 | 7,336,368 | 4,601,615 | 168.3% |
Wind | 24,147,354 | 27,628,094 | 3,480,740 | 14.4% |
Sub Total | 322,299,399 | 323,648,652 | 1,349,253 | 0.4% |
Total | 821,288,475 | 823,104,746 | 1,816,271 | 0.2% |
CO₂ systems mix | 851.1926 | 843.3056 | 7.8870 | −0.9% |
Source: PJM Systems Mix [2] |
Table 2 details the actual change in CO₂ emissions, but also considers how emissions may have fallen had the rate of emissions by megawatt-hour (MWh) remained the same as 2019. The key points are:
Table 2: PJM Carbon dioxide emissions by carbon-based fuels | |||||||
Fuel | 2019 tons | 2021 tons | Difference | % Change | 2021 with 2019 Emission Rates |
Difference | % Change |
Coal | 208,669,670 | 200,861,367 | 7,808,303 | −3.7% | 193,780,761 | 14,888,909 | −7.1% |
Oil | 1,201,503 | 1,923,964 | (722,461) | 60.1% | 2,118,426 | (916,923) | 76.3% |
Natural Gas | 132,674,207 | 137,397,814 | (4,723,607) | 3.6% | 138,789,663 | (6,115,455) | 4.6% |
Other Gas | 7,063,985 | 6,653,028 | 410,957 | −5.8% | 6,921,261 | 142,724 | −2.0% |
Total | 349,609,366 | 346,836,173 | 2,773,193 | −0.8% | 341,610,111 | 7,999,254 | −2.3% |
Source: PJM Systems Mix [2] |
Fuel switching from coal to natural gas would most likely have occurred even if no wind and solar power were available. Natural gas has about 60% lower emissions than coal for each MWh produced. Some of that fuel switching was caused by lower natural gas fuel prices, and part was simply replacing closed coal- fired power plants. As generation at coal plants falls the plants become less efficient actually increasing emissions per MWh as shown in Chart 1 below. Coal plants were not designed for frequent stops and starts and doing so can more than double emissions per MWh of production. Calculating from PJM Systems Mix data shows coal emissions grew 3.4%/MWh. Without that increase the actual total emission reduction may have fallen 2.3% instead of 0.8%.
Solar and wind generation increased about 30%, or by 8.1 million MWhs. Nuclear power fell 6.3 million MWhs with 85% of that decrease related to the closing of the last unit at Three Mile Island. If you have been following the news many nuclear power plants are in financial trouble [3] and some plants are closing. Nuclear power generation has to be continuous as there is limited ability to ramp a plant up and down so those plants largely follow prices set by other generation sources. Federal tax credits for wind power of over $20/MWh [4] are awarded based on the amount of power generated and were close to the PJM average wholesale energy price for 2021 of $30.84/MWh [5]. So wind projects will bid low or even negative prices sometimes to reap those tax credits and nuclear plants follow even when losing money. Hydropower is very flexible and can be ramped down if the prices go too low.
There is more to the story. Electric demand and supply must be in absolute balance every second or there are brownouts and blackouts. To keep everything in balance PJM can call on fast reacting oil and natural gas-fired generators known as peaking generators. They meet the demand but are less efficient than regular equipment and increase emissions. The tables shows a large increase in oil-fired generation, and emissions. That increase is likely a direct result of wind and solar power ramping up and down as the wind and sunlight stopped or slowed. Without that extra peaking plant operation total PJM emissions may have fallen another 0.2%.
This lack of CO₂ reduction by wind and solar comes at a high cost. Tax payers and electric customers provide expensive subsidies totaling almost $2 billion in the 2020-21 period, or $1 billion a year;
In summary, the minor reduction in emissions occurred because lower emission natural gas replaced coal. The emissions reduction might have been as much as 2.5% instead of 0.9%. Increased reliance on intermittent wind and solar power increased the use of inefficient peaking power plants, and as generation volume at coal plants fell they became less efficient. Increases in wind and solar generation offset zero emission nuclear and hydro generation (84% of increase), with the balance going to higher overall PJM generation. The conclusion is wind and solar power are not yielding lower carbon dioxide emissions, but are adding $1 billion a year in costs. Without lower emissions why are we mandating and subsidizing wind and solar power?
References:
1) Union of Concerned Scientists, “Environmental impacts of wind power”, https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/environmental-impacts-wind-power [3]
2) PJM Systems Mix, https://gats.pjm-eis.com/gats2/PublicReports/PJMSystemMix [4]
3) Institute for Energy Research, “Wind PTC threatens grid reliability”, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/renewable/wind/wind-ptc-threatens-grid-reliability/ [5]
4) US EIA, Higher renewable capacity additions in AEO2016 reflect policy changes and cost reductions, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=26492 [6] and Wind production tax credit extended to 2021, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=46576 [7]
5) PJM 2021 Markets Report, page 5, https://pjm.com/-/media/committees-groups/committees/mc/2021/20210503/20210503-item-07b-1-2021-annual-meeting-markets-report.ashx [8]
6) PJM Capacity by Fuel Type, https://www.pjm.com/-/media/markets-ops/ops-analysis/capacity-by-fuel-type-2021.ashx [9] and https://www.pjm.com/-/media/markets-ops/ops-analysis/capacity-by-fuel-type-2019.ashx [10]
7) Solar Energy Industry Association, Solar Market Insight Report 2021 Q4, https://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2021-q4 [11]
8) RGGI, Inc., Auction Results, https://www.rggi.org/auctions/auction-results [12]
9) Caesar Rodney Institute, “Virginia your green new price tag is showing”
—5/17/2022
David T. Stevenson, Director
Caesar Rodney Institute Center for Energy and Environment
Download original document: “New evidence renewables don’t reduce carbon dioxide emissions [13]”
URL to article: https://www.wind-watch.org/documents/new-evidence-renewables-dont-reduce-carbon-dioxide-emissions/
URLs in this post:
[1] Image: https://docs.wind-watch.org/Stevenson-1.png
[2] RGGI COATS Platform: https://rggi-coats.org/eats/rggi/
[3] https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/environmental-impacts-wind-power: https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/environmental-impacts-wind-power
[4] https://gats.pjm-eis.com/gats2/PublicReports/PJMSystemMix: https://gats.pjm-eis.com/gats2/PublicReports/PJMSystemMix
[5] https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/renewable/wind/wind-ptc-threatens-grid-reliability/: https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/renewable/wind/wind-ptc-threatens-grid-reliability/
[6] https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=26492: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=26492
[7] https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=46576: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=46576
[8] https://pjm.com/-/media/committees-groups/committees/mc/2021/20210503/20210503-item-07b-1-2021-annual-meeting-markets-report.ashx: https://pjm.com/-/media/committees-groups/committees/mc/2021/20210503/20210503-item-07b-1-2021-annual-meeting-markets-report.ashx
[9] https://www.pjm.com/-/media/markets-ops/ops-analysis/capacity-by-fuel-type-2021.ashx: https://www.pjm.com/-/media/markets-ops/ops-analysis/capacity-by-fuel-type-2021.ashx
[10] https://www.pjm.com/-/media/markets-ops/ops-analysis/capacity-by-fuel-type-2019.ashx: https://www.pjm.com/-/media/markets-ops/ops-analysis/capacity-by-fuel-type-2019.ashx
[11] https://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2021-q4: https://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2021-q4
[12] https://www.rggi.org/auctions/auction-results: https://www.rggi.org/auctions/auction-results
[13] New evidence renewables don’t reduce carbon dioxide emissions: https://docs.wind-watch.org/Stevenson-renewables-dont-reduce-CO2.pdf